Yeh I, Tee MK, Botton T, Shain AH, Sparatta AJ, Gagnon A, etal. (November 2016). "NTRK3 kinase fusions in Spitz tumours". The Journal of Pathology. 240 (3): 282–290. doi: 10.1002/path.4775. PMC 5071153. PMID 27477320. {{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting ( link) It is common for patients diagnosed with melanoma to have chest X-rays and an LDH test, and in some cases CT, MRI, and/or PET scans. Although controversial, sentinel lymph node biopsies and examination of the lymph nodes are also performed in patients to assess spread to the lymph nodes. A diagnosis of melanoma is supported by the presence of the S-100 protein marker.

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Pion IA, Rigel DS, Garfinkel L, Silverman MK, Kopf AW (January 1995). "Occupation and the risk of malignant melanoma". Cancer. 75 (2 Suppl): 637–44. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19950115)75:2+<637::aid-cncr2820751404>3.0.co;2-#. PMID 7804988. S2CID 196354681. Standard excision is still being done by most surgeons. Unfortunately, the recurrence rate is exceedingly high (up to 50%). This is due to the ill-defined visible surgical margin, and the facial location of the lesions (often forcing the surgeon to use a narrow surgical margin). The narrow surgical margin used, combined with the limitation of the standard "bread-loafing" technique of fixed tissue histology – result in a high "false negative" error rate, and frequent recurrences. Margin control (peripheral margins) is necessary to eliminate the false negative errors. If bread loafing is used, distances from sections should approach 0.1mm to assure that the method approaches complete margin control. A meta-analysis of the literature in 2014 found no randomized controlled trials of surgical interventions to treat lentigo maligna or melanoma in-situ, even though surgery is the most widely used treatment. [140]It is possible for a person to produce too much melanin within the body. Experts call it hyperpigmentation. It can occur due to certain conditions or the presence of excess melanocyte-stimulating hormone. The amount of melanin in the skin will vary from person to person. Genetics plays a dominant role in how much melanin there is in a person’s skin. Giles MH, Coventry BJ (August 2013). "Isolated limb infusion chemotherapy for melanoma: an overview of early experience at the Adelaide Melanoma Unit". Cancer Management and Research. 5: 243–9. doi: 10.2147/cmar.s45746. PMC 3753062. PMID 23990731.

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Martin RC, Scoggins CR, Ross MI, Reintgen DS, Noyes RD, Edwards MJ, etal. (December 2005). "Is incisional biopsy of melanoma harmful?". American Journal of Surgery. 190 (6): 913–7. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2005.08.020. PMID 16307945.a b Kanavy HE, Gerstenblith MR (December 2011). "Ultraviolet radiation and melanoma". Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery. 30 (4): 222–8. doi: 10.1016/j.sder.2011.08.003. PMID 22123420. a b Sarna M, Krzykawska-Serda M, Jakubowska M, Zadlo A, Urbanska K (June 2019). "Melanin presence inhibits melanoma cell spread in mice in a unique mechanical fashion". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 9280. Bibcode: 2019NatSR...9.9280S. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45643-9. PMC 6594928. PMID 31243305. Albinism is a genetic condition that causes people to have very little or no melanin pigment in the eyes, skin, or hair. Can a person increase melanin levels?

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Gross pathology of melanoma metastasis, which is pigment-forming in a vast majority of cases, giving it a dark appearance. There is no evidence to support or refute adult population screening for malignant melanoma. [93] Ultraviolet radiation [ edit ]

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Bhoumik A, Jones N, Ronai Z (March 2004). "Transcriptional switch by activating transcription factor 2-derived peptide sensitizes melanoma cells to apoptosis and inhibits their tumorigenicity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (12): 4222–7. Bibcode: 2004PNAS..101.4222B. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0400195101. PMC 384722. PMID 15010535. Budden T, Bowden NA (January 2013). "The role of altered nucleotide excision repair and UVB-induced DNA damage in melanomagenesis". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 14 (1): 1132–51. doi: 10.3390/ijms14011132. PMC 3565312. PMID 23303275. There is not enough definitive evidence to adequately stage, and thus give a prognosis for, ocular melanoma and melanoma of soft parts, or mucosal melanoma (e.g., rectal melanoma), although these tend to metastasize more easily. Even though regression may increase survival, when a melanoma has regressed, it is impossible to know its original size and thus the original tumor is often worse than a pathology report might indicate.

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National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2012), National Comprehensive Cancer Network clinical practice guidelines in oncology (NCCN Guidelines): melanoma (PDF), Fort Washington, Pennsylvania: National Comprehensive Cancer Network, archived from the original (PDF) on 28 December 2013 , retrieved 5 December 2013 Ray, P. D., et al. (2012). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis and redox regulation in cellular signaling. Firoz EF, Warycha M, Zakrzewski J, Pollens D, Wang G, Shapiro R, etal. (April 2009). "Association of MDM2 SNP309, age of onset, and gender in cutaneous melanoma". Clinical Cancer Research. 15 (7): 2573–80. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-2678. PMC 3881546. PMID 19318491. {{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: overridden setting ( link)Clark GS, Pappas-Politis EC, Cherpelis BS, Messina JL, Möller MG, Cruse CW, etal. (July 2008). "Surgical management of melanoma in situ on chronically sun-damaged skin". Cancer Control. 15 (3): 216–24. doi: 10.1177/107327480801500304. PMID 18596673. Metastatic melanoma may cause nonspecific paraneoplastic symptoms, including loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue. Metastasis (spread) of early melanoma is possible, but relatively rare; less than a fifth of melanomas diagnosed early become metastatic. Brain metastases are particularly common in patients with metastatic melanoma. [17] It can also spread to the liver, bones, abdomen, or distant lymph nodes. [ citation needed] Cause [ edit ]