Peters, F.E. (2003). The Words and Will of Allah. Princeton University Press. pp. 12–13. ISBN 0-691-11461-7. From the eighth century CE, the cultural language of Jews living under Islamic rule became Arabic rather than Aramaic. "Around that time, both scholars and lay people started producing translations of the Bible into Judeo-Arabic using the Hebrew alphabet." Later, by the 10th century, it became essential for a standard version of the Bible in Judeo-Arabic. The best known was produced by Saadiah (the Saadia Gaon, aka the Rasag), and continues to be in use today, "in particular among Yemenite Jewry". [94]

The Torah has been translated by Jewish scholars into most of the major European languages, including English, German, Russian, French, Spanish and others. The most well-known German-language translation was produced by Samson Raphael Hirsch. A number of Jewish English Bible translations have been published, for example by Artscroll publications. At an early period, it was customary to translate the Hebrew text into the vernacular at the time of the reading (e.g., in Palestine and Babylon the translation was into Aramaic). The targum ("translation") was done by a special synagogue official, called the meturgeman ... Eventually, the practice of translating into the vernacular was discontinued. [89] Neusner 2004, p.57: "The Hebrew word torah mean 'teaching'. We recall... the most familiar meaning of the word: 'Torah = the five books of Moses", the Pentateuch.... The Torah may also refer to the entirety of the Hebrew Scriptures.... The Torah furthermore covers instruction in two media, writing and memory.... [The oral part] is contained, in part, in the Mishnah, Talmud, and midrash compilations. But there is more: what the world calls 'Judaism' the faithful know as 'the Torah. '" Lang, Isabel (31 December 2015). Intertextualität als hermeneutischer Zugang zur Auslegung des Korans: Eine Betrachtung am Beispiel der Verwendung von Israiliyyat in der Rezeption der Davidserzählung in Sure 38: 21–25 (in German). Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH. ISBN 9783832541514.

Scherman, Nosson, ed. (2001). Tanakh, Vol. I, The Torah (Stoneed.). New York: Mesorah Publications, Ltd. At the time of the revelation of the Qur'an, books were not readily available and so it was common for people to learn it by heart. Chilton, B.D., ed. (1987). The Isaiah Targum: Introduction, Translation, Apparatus and Notes. Michael Glazier, Inc.

Tigh nam Bodach, from where the goddess Cailleach, her husband and their children watch over the land. Photograph: Murdo MacLeod/The Guardian Its outstanding literary merit should also be noted: it is by far, the finest work of Arabic prose in existence." Torah reading ( Hebrew: קריאת התורה, K'riat HaTorah, "Reading [of] the Torah") is a Jewish religious ritual that involves the public reading of a set of passages from a Torah scroll. The term often refers to the entire ceremony of removing the Torah scroll (or scrolls) from the ark, chanting the appropriate excerpt with traditional cantillation, and returning the scroll(s) to the ark. It is distinct from academic Torah study. Dirda, Michael (9 March 2003). "In this Italian Thriller, a Young Boy Makes a Life-Shattering Discovery.: [FINAL Edition]". The Washington Post . Retrieved 6 August 2020. The Torah starts with God creating the world, then describes the beginnings of the people of Israel, their descent into Egypt, and the giving of the Torah at Mount Sinai. It ends with the death of Moses, just before the people of Israel cross to the promised land of Canaan. Interspersed in the narrative are the specific teachings (religious obligations and civil laws) given explicitly (i.e. Ten Commandments) or implicitly embedded in the narrative (as in Exodus 12 and 13 laws of the celebration of Passover).

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Spiro, Ken (9 May 2009). "History Crash Course #36: Timeline: From Abraham to Destruction of the Temple". Aish.com . Retrieved 2010-08-19. Islam states that the Torah was sent by God. The " Tawrat" ( Arabic: توراة) is the Arabic name for the Torah within its context as an Islamic holy book believed by Muslims to be given by God to Prophets among the Children of Israel, and often refers to the entire Hebrew Bible. [10] According to the Quran, God says, "It is He Who has sent down the Book (the Quran) to you with truth, confirming what came before it. And He sent down the Taurat (Torah) and the Injeel (Gospel)." ( Q3:3) However, some self-professed Muslims believe that this original revelation was corrupted ( tahrif) (or simply altered by the passage of time and human fallibility) over time by Jewish scribes. [97] The Torah in the Quran is always mentioned with respect in Islam. The Muslims' belief in the Torah, as well as the prophethood of Moses, is one of the fundamental tenets of Islam. Maimonides explains the manner in which Moses wrote the Torah and gave it to the Israelites. He writes; Moses, our teacher, personally transcribed the entire Torah before he died. He gave a Torah scroll to each tribe and placed another scroll in the ark as a testimonial, as [Deuteronomy 31:24-26] states; When Moses finished writing on a scroll the words of this Torah in their entirety, he commanded the Levites who carried the ark of the Lord's covenant, “Take this scroll of the Torah and place it beside the ark of the covenant of the Lord your God. It will remain there as a witness against you". [43]

Levin, Christoph L (2005). The Old testament: a brief introduction. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691113944. The Old testament: a brief introduction Christoph Levin. The Qur'an is sometimes divided into 30 roughly equal parts, known as juz'. These divisions make it easier for Muslims to read the Qur'an during the course of a month and many will read one juz' each day, particularly during the month of Ramadan. TranslationsAmmaniti was nominated for the Best Motion Picture Screenplay at the 2005 Edgar Award for the novel being the screenplay of the picture I'm Not Scared. [8] He also won the 2001 Viareggio Prize. [7] The Book of Numbers is the fourth book of the Torah. [31] The book has a long and complex history, but its final form is probably due to a Priestly redaction (i.e., editing) of a Yahwistic source made some time in the early Persian period (5th century BCE). [8] The name of the book comes from the two censuses taken of the Israelites.

According to Jewish tradition, the Torah was recompiled by Ezra during Second Temple period. [44] [45] The Talmud says that Ezra changed the script used to write the Torah from the older Hebrew script to Assyrian script, so called according to the Talmud, because they brought it with them from Assyria. [46] Maharsha says that Ezra made no changes to the actual text of the Torah based on the Torah's prohibition of making any additions or deletions to the Torah in Deuteronomy 12:32. [47] One common formulation of the documentary hypothesis.Roy H. Williams; Michael R. Drew (2012). Pendulum: How Past Generations Shape Our Present and Predict Our Future. Vanguard Press. p.143. ISBN 9781593157067. [ permanent dead link] Presented as the words of Moses delivered before the conquest of Canaan, a broad consensus of modern scholars see its origin in traditions from Israel (the northern kingdom) brought south to the Kingdom of Judah in the wake of the Assyrian conquest of Aram (8th century BCE) and then adapted to a program of nationalist reform in the time of Josiah (late 7th century BCE), with the final form of the modern book emerging in the milieu of the return from the Babylonian captivity during the late 6th century BCE. [35] Many scholars see the book as reflecting the economic needs and social status of the Levite caste, who are believed to have provided its authors; [36] those likely authors are collectively referred to as the Deuteronomist.