The Evolution of Home: English Interiors for a New Era

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Zimmer, Carl (May 27, 2015). "The Human Family Tree Bristles With New Branches". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 1, 2022 . Retrieved May 30, 2015.

Whitehouse, David (June 9, 2003). "When humans faced extinction". BBC News. London: BBC. Archived from the original on September 4, 2010 . Retrieved January 5, 2007. H. ergaster and H. erectus [ edit ] Reconstruction of Turkana boy who lived 1.5 to 1.6 million years ago

The Iridescent History of Light

Bermúdez de Castro, José María; Arsuaga, Juan Luis; Carbonell, Eudald; etal. (May 30, 1997). "A Hominid from the Lower Pleistocene of Atapuerca, Spain: Possible Ancestor to Neandertals and Modern Humans". Science. 276 (5317): 1392–1395. doi: 10.1126/science.276.5317.1392. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 9162001. Other hominins probably adapted to the drier environments outside the equatorial belt; and there they encountered antelope, hyenas, dogs, pigs, elephants, horses, and others. The equatorial belt contracted after about 8million years ago, and there is very little fossil evidence for the split—thought to have occurred around that time—of the hominin lineage from the lineages of gorillas and chimpanzees. The earliest fossils argued by some to belong to the human lineage are Sahelanthropus tchadensis (7 Ma) and Orrorin tugenensis (6 Ma), followed by Ardipithecus (5.5–4.4 Ma), with species Ar. kadabba and Ar. ramidus. Around 50,000 BP, human culture started to evolve more rapidly. The transition to behavioral modernity has been characterized by some as a " Great Leap Forward", [193] or as the "Upper Palaeolithic Revolution", [194] due to the sudden appearance in the archaeological record of distinctive signs of modern behavior and big game hunting. [195] Evidence of behavioral modernity significantly earlier also exists from Africa, with older evidence of abstract imagery, widened subsistence strategies, more sophisticated tools and weapons, and other "modern" behaviors, and many scholars have recently argued that the transition to modernity occurred sooner than previously believed. [47] [196] [197] [198]

Precisely when early humans started to use tools is difficult to determine, because the more primitive these tools are (for example, sharp-edged stones) the more difficult it is to decide whether they are natural objects or human artifacts. [185] There is some evidence that the australopithecines (4 Ma) may have used broken bones as tools, but this is debated. [188] Roach, John (March 3, 2008). "Oldest Primate Fossil in North America Discovered". National Geographic News. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on October 16, 2012 . Retrieved April 27, 2015. The gibbons (family Hylobatidae) and then the orangutans (genus Pongo) were the first groups to split from the line leading to the hominins, including humans—followed by gorillas (genus Gorilla), and, ultimately, by the chimpanzees (genus Pan). The splitting date between hominin and chimpanzee lineages is placed by some between 4to8 million years ago, that is, during the Late Miocene. [266] [267] [268] [269] Speciation, however, appears to have been unusually drawn out. Initial divergence occurred sometime between 7to13 million years ago, but ongoing hybridization blurred the separation and delayed complete separation during several millions of years. Patterson (2006) dated the final divergence at 5to6 million years ago. [270]

What do you look back on and feel pleased with?

Bokma, Folmer; van den Brink, Valentijn; Stadler, Tanja (September 2012). "Unexpectedly many extinct hominins". Evolution. 66 (9): 2969–2974. doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01660.x. ISSN 0014-3820. PMID 22946817. S2CID 13145359. It has been argued in a study of the life history of Ar. ramidus that the species provides evidence for a suite of anatomical and behavioral adaptations in very early hominins unlike any species of extant great ape. [28] This study demonstrated affinities between the skull morphology of Ar. ramidus and that of infant and juvenile chimpanzees, suggesting the species evolved a juvenalised or paedomorphic craniofacial morphology via heterochronic dissociation of growth trajectories. It was also argued that the species provides support for the notion that very early hominins, akin to bonobos ( Pan paniscus) the less aggressive species of the genus Pan, may have evolved via the process of self-domestication. Consequently, arguing against the so-called "chimpanzee referential model" [29] the authors suggest it is no longer tenable to use chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes) social and mating behaviors in models of early hominin social evolution. When commenting on the absence of aggressive canine morphology in Ar. ramidus and the implications this has for the evolution of hominin social psychology, they wrote: a b Zimmer, Carl (August 13, 2015). "For Evolving Brains, a 'Paleo' Diet Full of Carbs". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 1, 2022 . Retrieved August 14, 2015. Noonan, James P. (May 2010). "Neanderthal genomics and the evolution of modern humans". Genome Research. 20 (5): 547–553. doi: 10.1101/gr.076000.108. ISSN 1088-9051. PMC 2860157. PMID 20439435. Blell, Mwenza (September 29, 2017). "Grandmother Hypothesis, Grandmother Effect, and Residence Patterns". The International Encyclopedia of Anthropology: 1–5. doi: 10.1002/9781118924396.wbiea2162. ISBN 978-1-118-92439-6.

For example, comparative studies in the mid-2010s found several traits related to neurological, immunological, [282] developmental, and metabolic phenotypes, that were developed by archaic humans to European and Asian environments and inherited to modern humans through admixture with local hominins. [283] [284] Of course Ar. ramidus differs significantly from bonobos, bonobos having retained a functional canine honing complex. However, the fact that Ar. ramidus shares with bonobos reduced sexual dimorphism, and a more paedomorphic form relative to chimpanzees, suggests that the developmental and social adaptations evident in bonobos may be of assistance in future reconstructions of early hominin social and sexual psychology. In fact the trend towards increased maternal care, female mate selection and self-domestication may have been stronger and more refined in Ar. ramidus than what we see in bonobos. [28] :128A number of other changes have also characterized the evolution of humans, among them an increased reliance on vision rather than smell (highly reduced olfactory bulb); a longer juvenile developmental period and higher infant dependency; [178] a smaller gut and small, misaligned teeth; faster basal metabolism; [179] loss of body hair; [180] an increase in

H. rhodesiensis, estimated to be 300,000–125,000 years old. Most current researchers place Rhodesian Man within the group of Homo heidelbergensis, though other designations such as archaic Homo sapiens and Homo sapiens rhodesiensis have been proposed.Willoughby, Pamela R. (2005). "Palaeoanthropology and the Evolutionary Place of Humans in Nature". International Journal of Comparative Psychology. 18 (1): 60–91. doi: 10.46867/IJCP.2005.18.01.02. ISSN 0889-3667. Archived from the original on January 17, 2012 . Retrieved April 27, 2015. Clark, Jamie L. (September 2011). "The evolution of human culture during the later Pleistocene: Using fauna to test models on the emergence and nature of "modern" human behavior". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 30 (3): 273–291. doi: 10.1016/j.jaa.2011.04.002. Archived from the original on May 25, 2021 . Retrieved October 27, 2021.