Subtropical cyclones are low-pressure systems with some extratropical characteristics and some tropical characteristics. As such, they may have an eye while not being truly tropical in nature. Subtropical cyclones can be very hazardous, generating high winds and seas, and often evolve into fully tropical cyclones. For this reason, the National Hurricane Center began including subtropical storms in its naming scheme in 2002. [35] Tornadoes [ edit ]

a b Dotzek, Nikolai (2003-03-20). "An updated estimate of tornado occurrence in Europe". Atmos. Res. 67–68: 153–161. Bibcode: 2003AtmRe..67..153D. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.669.2418. doi: 10.1016/S0169-8095(03)00049-8. Leeman, John R.; Schmitter, E. D. (April 2009). "Electric signals generated by tornados". Atmos. Res. 92 (2): 277–79. Bibcode: 2009AtmRe..92..277L. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.10.029. a b c d e f g h "Advanced Spotters' Field Guide" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2003-01-03. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09 . Retrieved 2009-12-13.Lee, Julian J.; Samaras, Timothy P.; Young, Carl R. (2004-10-07). "Pressure Measurements at the ground in an F-4 tornado". Preprints of the 22nd Conf. Severe Local Storms. Hyannis, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society. Tornadoes". Prairie Storm Prediction Centre. Environment Canada. 2007-10-07. Archived from the original on 2001-03-09 . Retrieved 2009-12-13. A typical tropical cyclone has an eye approximately 30–65 km (20–40 mi) across at the geometric center of the storm. The eye may be clear or have spotty low clouds (a clear eye), it may be filled with low- and mid-level clouds (a filled eye), or it may be obscured by the central dense overcast. There is, however, very little wind and rain, especially near the center. This is in stark contrast to conditions in the eyewall, which contains the storm's strongest winds. [3] Due to the mechanics of a tropical cyclone, the eye and the air directly above it are warmer than their surroundings. [4] Tornadoes occur most frequently in North America (particularly in central and southeastern regions of the United States colloquially known as Tornado Alley; the United States and Canada have by far the most tornadoes of any countries in the world). [7] Tornadoes also occur in South Africa, much of Europe (except Spain, most of the Alps, Balkans, and northern Scandinavia), western and eastern Australia, New Zealand, Bangladesh and adjacent eastern India, Japan, the Philippines, and southeastern South America (Uruguay and Argentina). [8] [9] Tornadoes can be detected before or as they occur through the use of pulse-Doppler radar by recognizing patterns in velocity and reflectivity data, such as hook echoes or debris balls, as well as through the efforts of storm spotters. [ citation needed] Tornado rating scales

Some evidence does suggest that the Southern Oscillation is weakly correlated with changes in tornado activity, which vary by season and region, as well as whether the ENSO phase is that of El Niño or La Niña. [99] Research has found that fewer tornadoes and hailstorms occur in winter and spring in the U.S. central and southern plains during El Niño, and more occur during La Niña, than in years when temperatures in the Pacific are relatively stable. Ocean conditions could be used to forecast extreme spring storm events several months in advance. [100] a b "basic Spotters' Field Guide" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Weather Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Since many tornadoes are audible only when very near, sound is not to be thought of as a reliable warning signal for a tornado. Tornadoes are also not the only source of such sounds in severe thunderstorms; any strong, damaging wind, a severe hail volley, or continuous thunder in a thunderstorm may produce a roaring sound. [45] Justice, Alonzo A. (May 1930). "Seeing the Inside of a Tornado" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. pp.205–206 . Retrieved 2006-09-15. [ permanent dead link]About the Author: John Nichol served in the Royal Air Force for fifteen years. On active duty during the first Gulf War in 1991, his Tornado bomber was shot down during a mission over Iraq. Captured, tortured and held as a prisoner of war, John was paraded on television, provoking worldwide condemnation and leaving one of the most enduring images of the conflict. The Ten Thousand Doors of January . I read this for #girlsinwhitedressesbookclub. It was a beautiful book, and it was one of those times in which I read the right book at the right time. I don’t know how many times I tried reading this book before and just couldn’t get into it, but this time I devoured it. I wouldn’t say I adored it. It didn’t make it to my favorite books of all-time list. But I did appreciate the beauty of the writing and certain characters and their stories spoke to my heart. There are things I wish had been different about the book. Overall, it’s a 4 out of 5 star read! Research programs, including field projects such as the VORTEX projects (Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment), deployment of TOTO (the TOtable Tornado Observatory), Doppler on Wheels (DOW), and dozens of other programs, hope to solve many questions that still plague meteorologists. [47] Universities, government agencies such as the National Severe Storms Laboratory, private-sector meteorologists, and the National Center for Atmospheric Research are some of the organizations very active in research; with various sources of funding, both private and public, a chief entity being the National Science Foundation. [112] [139] The pace of research is partly constrained by the number of observations that can be taken; gaps in information about the wind, pressure, and moisture content throughout the local atmosphere; and the computing power available for simulation. [140] Edwards, Roger (2008-07-18). "Rope Tornado". National Weather Service. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2007-02-28. Eyewall mesovortices are a significant factor in the formation of tornadoes after tropical cyclone landfall. Mesovortices can spawn rotation in individual convective cells or updrafts (a mesocyclone), which leads to tornadic activity. At landfall, friction is generated between the circulation of the tropical cyclone and land. This can allow the mesovortices to descend to the surface, causing tornadoes. [21] These tornadic circulations in the boundary layer may be prevalent in the inner eyewalls of intense tropical cyclones but with short duration and small size they are not frequently observed. [22] Stadium effect [ edit ] View of Typhoon Maysak's eye from the International Space Station displaying a pronounced stadium effect

The 4:50 From Paddington . I read this for the #readmorechristie book challenge and #emmasbookishcorner challenge. The prompt for #emmasbookishcorner challenge was to read a book by Agatha Christie, and for #readmorechristie was to read one of her books featuring a female adventurer. I thought this one was perfect as you could consider there to be THREE female adventures in this book. The first is Mrs. McGillicuddy who witnessed the murder and tried to do something about it. The second is Jane Marple who heard about the murder from her friend, Mrs. McGillicuddy. And the third is Lucy Eyelesbarrow who Jane Marple enlists to help her find the body and solve the murder. I read this once (or twice) before and though I was fairly certain I remembered what happened it was still an enjoyable read. Definitely at least a 4 out of 5 star read. a b Marshall, Tim (2008-11-09). "The Tornado Project's Terrific, Timeless and Sometimes Trivial Truths about Those Terrifying Twirling Twisters!". The Tornado Project. Archived from the original on 2008-10-16 . Retrieved 2008-11-09. STORM project" (Press release). National Weather Service. Archived from the original on 2008-09-27 . Retrieved 2008-03-12. Tornado occurrence is highly dependent on the time of day, because of solar heating. [89] Worldwide, most tornadoes occur in the late afternoon, between 15:00 (3pm) and 19:00 (7pm) local time, with a peak near 17:00 (5pm). [90] [91] [92] [93] [94] Destructive tornadoes can occur at any time of day. The Gainesville Tornado of 1936, one of the deadliest tornadoes in history, occurred at 8:30am local time. [24]Frequently Asked Questions about Tornadoes". National Severe Storms Laboratory. 2009-07-20. Archived from the original on 2012-05-23 . Retrieved 2010-06-22.

I’m overwhelmed with trying to do so much and not making much progress and yet as the tornado rips through my life, I find myself staring unflinchingly into its eye. There’s this quiet calm that I can sense. Kossin, James. P.; Schubert, Wayne H. (2001). "Mesovortices, polygonal flow patterns, and rapid pressure falls in hurricane-like vortices". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 58 (15): 2196–2209. Bibcode: 2001JAtS...58.2196K. doi: 10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<2196:MPFPAR>2.0.CO;2. S2CID 16992786.Right now, I feel like I am in the middle of a tornado. There’s been nonstop craziness and misfortune in my life since early summer. Loved ones ill, loved ones dead or dying, my own illness, trying to homeschool my child whilst also trying to run three different businesses whilst also trying to pursue my vocation (writing).