Garland C, Garland F, Gorham E (1992). "Could sunscreens increase melanoma risk?". Am. J. Public Health. 82 (4): 614–615. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.82.4.614. PMC 1694089. PMID 1546792. Classification of UV". SETi. Archived from the original on 1 December 2019 . Retrieved 1 December 2019. UV‑C LEDs Enhance Chromatography Applications". GEN Eng News. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016.

Rodrigues, Sueli; Fernandes, Fabiano Andre Narciso (18 May 2012). Advances in Fruit Processing Technologies. CRC Press. p.5. ISBN 978-1-4398-5153-1. Archived from the original on 5 March 2023 . Retrieved 22 October 2022.Consider the modes of light that the UV light can emit. In some UV lights, there is only one setting, while in others you can find multiple modes such as strobe and high or low settings. In some UV lights, you can adjust the field of view by widening or narrowing the lights. What is ultraviolet (UV) radiation?". cancer.org. Archived from the original on 3 April 2017 . Retrieved 11 June 2017. a b c Strauss, C.E.M.; Funk, D.J. (1991). "Broadly tunable difference-frequency generation of VUV using two-photon resonances in H 2 and Kr". Optics Letters. 16 (15): 1192–4. Bibcode: 1991OptL...16.1192S. doi: 10.1364/ol.16.001192. PMID 19776917 . Retrieved 11 April 2021.

Soda Lime Glass Transmission Curve". Archived from the original on 27 March 2012 . Retrieved 20 January 2012. Sunscreen. Select a broad-spectrum sunscreen that protects against both UVA and UVB radiation. Be sure and follow the manufacturer’s instructions for proper application and protection. ultraviolet radiation, that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum extending from the violet, or short-wavelength, end of the visible light range to the X-ray region. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is undetectable by the human eye, although, when it falls on certain materials, it may cause them to fluoresce—i.e., emit electromagnetic radiation of lower energy, such as visible light. Many insects, however, are able to see ultraviolet radiation. Several solid-state and vacuum devices have been explored for use in different parts of the UV spectrum. Many approaches seek to adapt visible light-sensing devices, but these can suffer from unwanted response to visible light and various instabilities. Ultraviolet can be detected by suitable photodiodes and photocathodes, which can be tailored to be sensitive to different parts of the UV spectrum. Sensitive UV photomultipliers are available. Spectrometers and radiometers are made for measurement of UV radiation. Silicon detectors are used across the spectrum. [18]The impact of UV on polymers is used for modification of the ( roughness and hydrophobicity) of polymer surfaces. For example, a poly(methyl methacrylate) surface can be smoothed by vacuum ultraviolet. [103] Consider how you want to use the UV light and select one that is designed specifically for that use. Pet owners may want to get one that illuminates animal urine, saliva or other invisible stains so that they can clean them properly. Those who are interested in disinfecting a small space can also use a powerful UV light to do the job, which is specifically designed to sterilize an environment with ultraviolet light. Short-waveUV, germicidalUV, ionizing radiation at shorter wavelengths, completely absorbed by the ozone layer and atmosphere: hardUV. Pulsed light (PL) is a technique of killing microorganisms on surfaces using pulses of an intense broad spectrum, rich in UV-C between 200 and 280 nm. Pulsed light works with xenon flash lamps that can produce flashes several times per second. Disinfection robots use pulsed UV. [112] Biological [ edit ] a b Moehrle, Matthias; Soballa, Martin; Korn, Manfred (2003). "UV exposure in cars". Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine. 19 (4): 175–181. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0781.2003.00031.x. ISSN 1600-0781. PMID 12925188. S2CID 37208948.

Reptiles need UVB for biosynthesis of vitamin D, and other metabolic processes. [116] Specifically cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), which is needed for basic cellular / neural functioning as well as the utilization of calcium for bone and egg production. [ citation needed] The UVA wavelength is also visible to many reptiles and might play a significant role in their ability survive in the wild as well as in visual communication between individuals. [ citation needed] Therefore, in a typical reptile enclosure, a fluorescent UV a/b source (at the proper strength / spectrum for the species), must be available for many [ which?] captive species to survive. Simple supplementation with cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) will not be enough as there's a complete biosynthetic pathway [ which?] that is "leapfrogged" (risks of possible overdoses), the intermediate molecules and metabolites [ which?] also play important functions in the animals health. [ citation needed] Natural sunlight in the right levels is always going to be superior to artificial sources, but this might not be possible for keepers in different parts of the world. [ citation needed] Vacuum UV, or VUV, wavelengths (shorter than 200nm) are strongly absorbed by molecular oxygen in the air, though the longer wavelengths around 150–200nm can propagate through nitrogen. Scientific instruments can, therefore, use this spectral range by operating in an oxygen-free atmosphere (commonly pure nitrogen), without the need for costly vacuum chambers. Significant examples include 193-nm photolithography equipment (for semiconductor manufacturing) and circular dichroism spectrometers. Ultraviolet (UV) light has a wavelength between 10 nm and 400 nm, placing it outside of the visible range of electromagnetic energy. Light from UV sources, such as the UV torches listed above, is invisible to the human eye. On the contrary, it emits photons that combine with phosphorus to create a visible substance. Phosphorus reacts with UV radiation to produce the visible light you see. Disinfection using UV radiation is commonly used in wastewater treatment applications and is finding an increased usage in municipal drinking water treatment. Many bottlers of spring water use UV disinfection equipment to sterilize their water. Solar water disinfection [111] has been researched for cheaply treating contaminated water using natural sunlight. The UV-A irradiation and increased water temperature kill organisms in the water. Stephens TJ, Herndon JH, Colón LE, Gottschalk RW (February 2011). "The impact of natural sunlight exposure on the UV‑B – sun protection factor (UVB-SPF) and UVA protection factor (UVA-PF) of a UV‑A / UV‑B SPF50 sunscreen". J. Drugs Dermatol. 10 (2): 150–155. PMID 21283919.Overexposure to UV‑B radiation not only can cause sunburn but also some forms of skin cancer. However, the degree of redness and eye irritation (which are largely not caused by UV‑A) do not predict the long-term effects of UV, although they do mirror the direct damage of DNA by ultraviolet. [58] Fingas, Mervin, ed. (2011). Oil Spill Science and Technology. Elsevier. pp.123–124. ISBN 978-1-85617-943-0.