Schran HF, Petryk L, Chang CT, O’Connor R, Gelbert MB. The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of clemastine and phenylpropanolamine in single-component and combination formulations. J Clin Pharmacol 1996;36:911-922. Del Cuvillo A, Mullol J, Bartra J, Dvila I, Juregui I, Montoro J, Sastre J, Valeron AL. Comparative pharmacology of the H1 antihistamines. J Invest Alergol Clin Immunol 2006;16(S1):3-12.

Simons FE, Simons KJ. Clinical pharmacology of new histamine H1 receptor antagonists. Clin Pharmacokinet 1999;36(5):329-52. Mast cells have been shown to migrate to the nasal epithelium during the pollen season, which is predominantly exposed to pollen. This indicates that only the areas that are reached by Becodefence fine spray need to be covered, as the inhaled pollen will basically reach out to the same areas. Research shows that even very crude application methods such as ointments or creams, which achieve less coverage of the nasal mucosa cause significant improvement of symptoms. The conjunctiva will not be exposed to allergens directly, so the symptoms that origin from the conjunctiva’s mast cells will be less severe than the ones caused in the nasal mucosa. The mast cells are also present in the conjunctiva underneath the eyelids. Although the conjunctiva is not exposed directly to allergens in the air, allergens touching the exposed cornea may be trapped by tears and could be distributed to the conjunctiva.Georgitis JW, Meltzer EO, Kaliner M, Weiler J, Berkowitz R. Onset-of-action for antihistamine and decongestant combinations during an outdoor challenge. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2000;84(4):451-459.

Becodefence has thixotropic properties, which when shaken turns the original gel-like consistency into a fine fluid that can be sprayed easily up in the nose and reaches a broad inner surface of the nasal cavity, where it immediately resettles as a stable, impermeable barrier.