Cardinale, M., Casini, M., Arrhenius, F. & Håkansson, N. Diel spatial distribution and feeding activity of herring ( Clupea harengus) and sprat ( Sprattus sprattus) in the Baltic Sea. Aquat. Living Resour. 16(3), 283–292 (2003).

Globisch, J., Hamm, A. O., Esteves, F. & Öhman, A. Fear appears fast: Temporal course of startle reflex potentiation in animal fearful subjects. Psychophysiology 36, 66–75 (1999).

Calculation of a hazard ratio (HR) [ 47] provides a method for objectively evaluating the relative risk of bycatch. HR is often defined as the ratio of the probability of death to survival. When a bycatch occurs with a constant probability (instantaneous hazard rate, m), the risk of bycatch S( t) at total presence duration t is represented as: S( t) = 1−exp(− mt). This equation means that the longer porpoises are present near a net, the more vulnerable to entanglement they become. Although the duration per presence had not a significant difference, the total duration per hour was obviously different because the number of presences was largely different between BB and NB. However, it is difficult to estimate m due to the small number of present samples, though further research may enable the risk assessment of bycatch. Reynolds, J. E. & Rommel, S. A. Biology of Marine Mammals. (Washington D.C., London: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1999). Kyhn, L. A. et al. Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) static acoustic monitoring: laboratory detection thresholds of T-Pods are reflected in field sensitivity. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 88(6), 1085–1091 (2008).

Knight, R. L. & Gutzwiller, K. J. Wildlife and Recreationists: Coexistence through Management and Research. The Journal of Wildlife Management (Island Press, 1995). https://doi.org/10.2307/3802624. Todd, V. L. G. et al. Prediction of marine mammal auditory-impact risk from Acoustic Deterrent Devices used in Scottish aquaculture. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 165, 112171 (2021).

Acknowledgments

Akamatsu, T., Hatakeyama, Y., Kojima, T. & Soeda, H. The rate with which a harbor porpoise uses echolocation at night. In Marine Mammal Sensory Systems (eds Kastelein, R. A. et al.) 299–315 (Springer, New York, 1992).

Owen, K., Andrews, R. D., Baird, R. W., Schorr, G. S. & Webster, D. L. Lunar cycles influence the diving behavior and habitat use of short-finned pilot whales around the main Hawaiian Islands. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 629, 193–206 (2019). Stöber, U. & Thomsen, F. Effect of impact pile driving noise on marine mammals: A comparison of different noise exposure criteria. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 145, 3252–3259 (2019). Wahlberg, M., Delgado-García, L. & Kristensen, J. H. Precocious hearing in harbour porpoise neonates. J. Comp. Physiol. 203(2), 121–132 (2017). Like many in the industry, Abi is from a fishing family herself. Seafood remains a core element of family life, and Abi cooks lots of fish and shellfish for her three young children at home. Otani S. Diving behavior and swimming speed of a free-ranging harbor porpoise, Phocoena phocoena. Mar Mamm Sci. 2000;16: 811–814.

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